- A moment of direct address - a person appears to speak direct to the camera.
- Commentary provided by one or more people.
- Opposing commentary that seems to offer an alternative view of previous commentary.
- Captions provided to explain something.
- Maps or diagrams used to explain something.
- Archive film footage
- Archive taped footage
- Evidence of the filmmaker’s presence in one or other of the documentaries.
- Individuals being observed - being filmed in an unguarded moment or long before or after they have spoken on some subject to the camera.
- Events being reconstructed.
- Periods of obtrusive editing - montage, slow motion, time-lapse or film-in-reverse.
- Music or sound used to contrast or complement a film sequence.
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